won the respect and submission of the native population. (Philo 1954a, Vol. IX, 407–11) ■ 13 James opens with a question: Who is wise and understanding among you? The adjective translated wise (sophos) is from the noun sophia (wisdom). The term incorporates the ideas of “sound judgment and good sense” and “expertise in any art” as well as deep knowledge that comes from “learned research” and insight into how things really are (Zodhiates 1992, 1300–1301). The Greek adjective translated